IELTS Writing

Dale2026/1/30大约 15 分钟

小作文一般1 2 3 3，即intro，overall，one hand，the other hand。抱着“给考官减负”的心态去写，把你的段落改到“爽”，应用“短快狠”

对于有时间点的图表，描述任何一个具体数据点时，如果不确定，就用一般过去时

小作文指南

一、题型总览与整体结构

1. 三大题型与破题思维

题型	核心指令	思维模式	核心时态	破题关键
数据图（柱/线/饼/表/混合）	Compare & Contrast	趋势比较：谁多谁少？怎么变？	依时间而定	找极值、比趋势、按组写
流程图（过程/循环）	Describe a Process	工序步骤：先后顺序+转换	一般现在时（多被动）	数步骤、抓输入输出
地图题（变迁/布局/规划）	Compare Changes/Plans	空间变化：在哪儿？变成什么？	过去 vs 现在/将来	定方位、写变化类型

2. 黄金四段式（数据图/地图题通用）

引言段：1 句，改写题目
- The bar chart compares / The line graph illustrates...
概述段：1–2 句，总结最显著的 1–2 个趋势（不写具体数字）
- Overall, the most noticeable trend is that..., while...
主体段 1：2–3 组相关数据，按“上升组 / 高值组 / 一类对象”分组
主体段 2：剩余数据，形成对比或补充

分段逻辑只记一句：先整体（overview），再分组（group），绝不一句一段。

3. 流程图结构

引言：改写题目（The diagram shows the process by which...）
概述：总说“有几步，从什么开始，到什么结束”
主体段 1/2：按阶段写步骤，保持时序清晰

二、数据图：趋势比较与高分表达

1. 趋势动词与名词（按“病程”记）

上升：rise, increase, grow, climb, surge, soar, rocket
下降：fall, decline, drop, decrease, slump, plunge, plummet, collapse
稳定/波动：remain stable, stay constant, level off, plateau, fluctuate
恶化期名词：a decline, a downturn, a slump, a contraction, a recession
恢复期名词：a recovery, a rebound, a rally, an upturn, growth, expansion
极值：a peak, a high, a low, a trough, the bottom

搭配这些名词的动词：

experience / see / witness a 什么程度的趋势
show / exhibit a clear upward trend
record a peak of...
enter a period of rapid growth / recession
reach a peak of... / hit a low of... / bottom out at...
remain stable / stay (almost) the same / be relatively stable

2. 程度副词矩阵

微小：slight / marginal
适度：modest / moderate
显著：significant / substantial
剧烈：sharp / steep
稳定：steady / gradual

3. 数据引用与比较句型

精确值：increased from 50,000 to 55,000
近似值：rose from around 30,000 to nearly 50,000
比例变化：more than doubled / halved / increased threefold
排名：ranked first / had the highest figure / was the lowest
占比：accounted for / made up / represented / constituted

例句：

X accounted for the largest proportion, at around 40%.
Y made up a mere 5% of the total.
Z more than doubled over the period. 不只翻了一倍

三、流程图：工序叙述与被动语态

1. 总体原则

时态：一般现在时
语态：大部分用被动（is processed, are converted, is transported）
自然过程（如水循环）可用主动：water evaporates, the tree grows

2. 常用连接词（按步骤）

开始：The process begins with... / Initially...
继续：Then / Next / Subsequently / After this / In the next stage
并行：At the same time / Meanwhile / Simultaneously
结束：Finally / In the final stage / The process ends with...

3. 核心动词库

物理变化：is crushed, is ground, is filtered, is heated, is cooled
化学/处理：is fermented, is distilled, is treated, is purified
移动：is transported to, is delivered to, is pumped into, is sent to
形态转换：is converted into, is transformed into, turns into

4. 流程图通用模板

Introduction: The diagram illustrates the process of producing X.
Overview: Overall, there are X main stages, beginning with A and ending with B.
Body: Initially, A is..., Then / Following this, B is..., Subsequently, C is..., Meanwhile, ..., Finally, B is...

四、地图题：空间与变迁

1. 时态与对比框架

变迁图：过去 + 现在/最近
- In 1990, there was...
- By 2010, this had been replaced by...
规划图：现在 + 将来
- Currently, the area contains...
- According to the plan, this will be converted into...

2. 精准方位表达

宏观：in the north / south / east / west / in the northern part
中观：in the center / in the north-east / in the south-west corner
微观：adjacent to, opposite, next to, along, parallel to, surrounded by

3. 变化动词分类

新建：was built, was constructed, was developed
扩建：was extended, was enlarged, was expanded
改建：was converted into, was transformed into, was turned into
拆除：was demolished, was knocked down, was removed
规模变化：was reduced in size, was relocated, was replaced by

4. 地图题结构模板

引言：The maps show changes in X between YEAR A and YEAR B.
概述：Overall, the area underwent significant changes, most notably...
主体段 1：写北部/一侧区域的主要变化
主体段 2：写中部/另一侧区域的变化/补完

五、连接词与段落衔接

1. 四大逻辑关系

顺承：and, also, then （嵌在句子里）, furthermore, moreover, in addition, similarly, likewise, meanwhile
对比：but, however, by contrast, in contrast, on the other hand, whereas
因果：so, because, therefore, consequently, as a result, due to, this led to
细化/举例：for example, for instance, in particular, specifically, regarding, as for

2. 段落级用法

概述段开头：Overall, ...
主体段 1 开头：Looking at the details, ... / Regarding X, ...
主体段 2 开头：By contrast, ... / Turning to Y, ... / As for Z, ...

使用铁律：

不用 so / and 直接开头整句（太口语）
用 however 之前，前一句必须真“相反”，否则逻辑掉分
同一篇里连接词要有变化，避免全篇 only and / but / then

3. 更灵活的衔接

In its place, … / In their place, …
This was followed by …
Together with …
Along with …
In addition to this,

六、时态选择与常见坑

1. 时态决策

有明确过去年份：一般过去时（was / were / increased / fell）
历史 + 预测：
- 历史部分：一般过去时
- 预测部分：will / is expected to / is forecast to
无时间（流程、普遍规律）：一般现在时（shows / is processed）
地图变迁：
- 旧图：过去时（In 1990, there was...）
- 现在或结果：现在完成/过去完成（Now it has been replaced by... / By 2010, it had been replaced by...）

2. 动笔前 3 秒检查

时间状语是什么？→ 确定主时态
有无“未来/预测”词？→ 是否要 will / be predicted to
是静态布局 / 流程吗？→ 大概率一般现在时

七、考场实战：短、快、狠

1. “短”——句子长度

复杂句后面跟一两句短句，让考官“喘口气”
避免一大串从句：
- 冗长：Tennis, which was the most popular sport, experienced...
- 精简：Tennis was the most popular sport. Its participation rose...

2. “快”——信息推进

每句都要有新信息，避免重复凑字数
拖沓：GDP fell. The fall was big. It went from 5% to 2%.
干脆：GDP plummeted from 5% to 2%.

3. “狠”——动词精准

弱：There was an increase in numbers.
狠：Numbers surged.

4. 写完 30 秒检查

有概述段吗？
有连续两句超长句吗？有就拆开一条。
主要动词是不是 all is / has / shows？挑几句换成强动词（surged, plummeted, stabilized）。

八、20 分钟时间分配

0–2 分钟：看图，画出趋势箭头，圈极值和分组
2–5 分钟：写引言 + 概述（保证 Task Response ≥ 6）
5–15 分钟：写主体两段，按分组有序引用数据
15–17 分钟：检查时态、数字、拼写
17–20 分钟：替换重复词、微调连接词和句长

九、进阶：思考路径与示例

1. 3 步思考路径

看到图表时，强行让自己走这 3 步：

轴+单位：横纵坐标是什么？单位是什么？

people, percentage, tonnes, dollars, hours per week...

极值+分组：最高/最低在哪里？哪些线/柱子走势类似？

group 1：持续上升的项目；group 2：下降/波动/持平的项目。

概述句：用 1 句概括“主线趋势”，再用 1 句概括“对比点”。

Overall, X showed a steady increase, while Y gradually declined.

之后主体段只是在“极值+分组”的基础上 补数据。

2. 完整示例段落（折线图）

假设：四种交通工具出行人数，1990–2010 年，其中 car 上升最明显，train 稍升，bus/ bicycle 下降。

概述段示例：

Overall, travelling by car became increasingly popular over the period, whereas the figures for buses and bicycles generally declined. Rail travel, by contrast, experienced only a modest rise.

主体段一（上升组）示例：

Looking at the details, the number of people commuting by car climbed steadily from around 2 million in 1990 to just over 4 million in 2010, more than doubling over two decades. Rail usage also increased, but at a much slower pace, rising gradually from about 1 million to approximately 1.5 million.

注意点：

climbed steadily / more than doubling / at a much slower pace → 同时给“趋势＋对比＋程度”。
from around / to just over / approximately → 给“不确定数字”提供安全缓冲。

大作文指南

一、评分标准与整体思路

写大作文前，先反向思考：考官按什么给分？

Task Response (TR)：是否完整回应题目所有部分，有清晰立场，有展开和例子
Coherence & Cohesion (CC)：段落清晰，逻辑顺畅，连接自然，不堆连接词
Lexical Resource (LR)：词汇多样但自然，没有大量拼写/搭配错误
Grammatical Range & Accuracy (GRA)：句式多样（简单+并列+从句），错误不过多

一句话总结：“题目问什么→我答什么”，用清晰结构+可读语言把理由讲顺。

二、题型矩阵与破题方式

常见雅思大作文题型基本可以归纳为 5 类：

观点类（Opinion）

关键词：To what extent do you agree or disagree? / Do you agree or disagree?
任务：表明立场（同意/不同意/部分同意），用 2–3 个理由支撑

讨论类（Discussion）

关键词：Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
任务：公平讨论双方观点，再给出自己观点（通常放在结尾或概述）

优缺点类（Advantages & Disadvantages）

关键词：What are the advantages and disadvantages? / Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
任务：写出优点和缺点，第二种要明确“哪一边占上风”

问题-解决类（Problem & Solution）

关键词：What problems does this cause? What can be done to solve this problem?
任务：列出 2–3 个主要问题 + 2–3 个有可行性的解决方案

双问题 / 混合题（Two-question / Mixed）

关键词：Why...? Is this a positive or negative development? / Why...? What can be done...?
任务：按题目给出的两个问题逐一回答

破题流程：

圈出所有问句（有几个问号就有几个任务）；
标记题型（观点/讨论/优缺点/问题解决/双问）；
每个任务分配一个段落或半个段落，确保“无遗漏、不混写”。

三、通用结构模板

1. 通用四段式

引言：改写题目 + 概括立场（不展开理由）
主体段 1：理由/观点 A（解释 + 例子）
主体段 2：理由/观点 B（解释 + 例子）
结论：重申立场 + 概括两个主理由（不加入新观点）

写作时优先保证：每个主体段只讲“一件事”，并把这件事讲清楚。

2. 各题型结构建议

观点类（Agree/Disagree）

引言：改写题目 + 表明总体立场
主体 1：第一个理由（supporting point 1）
主体 2：第二个理由（supporting point 2）
（可选）主体 3：补充理由 / 回应反方
结论：重申观点 + 概括理由

讨论类（Discuss both views）

引言：改写题目 + 说明将讨论双方观点 + 自己大方向立场
主体 1：解释观点 A + 为什么有道理
主体 2：解释观点 B + 为什么（在你看来）更有道理
结论：明确站队（哪一方更有说服力）

优缺点类（Advantages / Disadvantages）

引言：改写题目
主体 1：优点 1–2 个（可以合并到一个主线）
主体 2：缺点 1–2 个
结论：如果题目问 outweigh，必须给 judgment（哪一边占上风）

问题-解决类（Problems & Solutions）

引言：改写题目，点出“这是一个严重问题”
主体 1：主要问题 1–2 个（用“导致什么后果”把问题讲完整）
主体 2：与问题对应的解决方案 1–2 个（谁来做 + 怎么做）
结论：强调解决这些问题的重要性，简要重复关键措施

双问题 / 混合题

引言：改写题目
主体 1：回答问题 1（Why...? / Causes...?）
主体 2：回答问题 2（Positive or negative? / Solutions...?）
结论：用 1–2 句再压一次自己的 overall 看法

四、论证逻辑：如何把“理由”写饱满

可以用一个简单链条：观点 → 原因 → 解释 → 例子。

示例骨架：

观点句（topic sentence）

One main reason is that...

原因句

This is because...

解释句（展开机制/过程）

As a result, ... / This means that...

例子句（最好通用化、避免真名校真公司）

For example, many universities / companies...

注意：

宁可一个理由写到 4–5 句，也不要一段塞 3 个理由都写不清。
例子不必“真实”，但要合理、具体，且能支撑上一句逻辑。

五、常用高分表达（大作文专用）

1. 引入观点与立场

Many people argue that...
It is often claimed that...
There is a common belief that...
I firmly believe that...
I tend to agree that...

2. 表示原因与结果

This is mainly because...
This can be attributed to...
One contributing factor is that...
As a result / Consequently / Therefore / As a consequence...

3. 对比与让步

On the one hand... On the other hand...
While it is true that..., it is also important to consider...
Although this trend has some clear benefits, there are also drawbacks.
Despite these advantages, ...

4. 举例与概括

For example / For instance...
A good illustration of this is that...
In many countries / In most cases...
Generally speaking / In general / Overall...

5. 结论与建议

In conclusion, ...
To sum up, ...
From my perspective, ...
It is advisable for governments / individuals to...

六、段落与句式：实用小技巧

每段第一句＝该段“小标题”（清晰的 topic sentence）：考官一眼就知道你在讲什么。
简单句 + 并列句 + 从句混用，但不要为了复杂而复杂。
同一个意思，尽量不要全用名词化结构（the increase of, the reduction of），适当用动词（increases, reduces）让句子更轻。

示例对比：

生硬：The increase in car ownership has led to the growth of traffic problems.
更自然：As more people own cars, traffic problems have become more serious.

七、进阶：选材、词块与示例

1. 快速立场与选材思路

考场上看到题目，优先处理三件事：

立场粗决定：

极端同意 / 极端反对：便于结构清晰（两段都支持同一立场）。
部分同意：一段写“对的地方”，一段写“有问题的地方”，但结论要有倾向。

主题词领域化：把问题归入熟悉话题：

教育：schools, universities, curriculum, assessment, equal access
科技：automation, artificial intelligence, digital devices, online platforms
环境：emissions, climate change, renewable energy, conservation
社会：income inequality, ageing population, urbanisation, social cohesion

理由方向：优先从这 4 个维度想：

个体（skills, health, stress, opportunities）
经济（productivity, employment, costs, efficiency）
社会（equality, crime, social stability, community ties）
环境（pollution, resources, sustainability）

只要能在这 4 个维度里凑出 2–3 条“像样的理由”，就足够构成 7 分结构。

2. 高级词块（按话题）

教育类

broaden students' horizons
foster critical thinking and creativity
rote learning / exam-oriented education
equal access to quality education
lifelong learning / upskilling and reskilling

科技与工作

labour-intensive tasks / repetitive manual work
boost productivity and efficiency
technological unemployment / job displacement
a flexible / remote working arrangement
blur the boundary between work and personal life

环境与城市

carbon emissions / greenhouse gases
irreversible damage to ecosystems
invest in renewable energy sources
promote eco-friendly lifestyles
alleviate traffic congestion and air pollution

社会与价值观

widen / narrow the gap between rich and poor
social cohesion / a sense of community
erode traditional values
put financial and emotional pressure on families
a more tolerant and open-minded society

这些词块的目标：一句话里解决“高级词＋自然搭配”两个需求，不用临时硬拼。

3. 示例展开段（教育 + 科技题材）

假设题目：More courses are being delivered online instead of in traditional classrooms. Is this a positive or negative development?

示例主体段：

One major benefit of online courses is that they can significantly broaden access to higher education. This is mainly because students are no longer restricted by geography or rigid timetables; they can join lectures from rural areas or even from overseas, often at a lower cost. As a result, people who work full-time or have family commitments can still pursue degrees or professional qualifications at their own pace. For instance, many universities now offer flexible online master's programmes, enabling employees to upgrade their skills without taking a career break.

可以观察到完整的“观点→原因→解释→例子”链条，以及：broaden access / restricted by geography / at their own pace / upgrade their skills 这类自然搭配。

八、常见失分点与自检清单

高频失分点：

没有完整回答题目所有问句（只答了一半）
立场不清楚：全文读完也不知道你到底赞成还是反对
段内堆观点，不展开；例子只是一句“for example”后接泛泛而谈
大量重复同一个词（good, bad, important, thing）
连接词要么太少，要么每句都用 however / moreover 堆砌

写完后快速检查：

题目里的每个问号，我都有对应的段落在回答吗？
每个主体段的第一句，是否一看就知道该段在说什么？
是否至少有 2 个理由被写到“观点-原因-解释-例子”这个深度？
是否有明显时态/单复数/主谓一致错误在反复出现？

九、时间管理建议（40 分钟）

35–40 分钟：语法+拼写+标点检查
- 尤其是主谓一致、复数、冠词、大小写

假设题目：More courses are being delivered online instead of in traditional classrooms. Is this a positive or negative development?

示例主体段：

可以观察到完整的“观点→原因→解释→例子”链条，以及：broaden access / restricted by geography / at their own pace / upgrade their skills 这类自然搭配。